Alt\u0131n, kimyada Aurum \u2013 Au (Latince\u2019de parlayan, \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan) sembol\u00fc ile g\u00f6sterilen atom numaras\u0131 79 olan olan elementtir. Saf haliyle parlak, hafif k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 sar\u0131, yo\u011fun, yumu\u015fak, d\u00f6v\u00fclebilir ve s\u00fcnek bir metaldir. Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan de\u011fer atfedilen nispeten do\u011fada di\u011fer metallere g\u00f6re az bulunan ve az tepkimeye giren bir metaldir. Alt\u0131n, 1,064,76\u00b0C (1,948,57\u00b0F) erime noktas\u0131na ve 2,700\u00b0C (4,900\u00b0 F) kaynama noktas\u0131na sahiptir. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu, santimetre k\u00fcp ba\u015f\u0131na 19,3 gramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alt\u0131n, sar\u0131 renk olan tek metaldir. Di\u011fer metaller, ancak oksitlendikten veya kimyasallarla reaksiyona girdikten sonra sar\u0131ms\u0131 bir renk alabilir. D\u00fcnya\u2019da bulunan neredeyse t\u00fcm alt\u0131n, D\u00fcnya olu\u015ftuktan 200 milyon y\u0131l sonra gezegeni bombalayan meteorlardan gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alt\u0131n tarih \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flardan beri bilinmektedir ve esas olarak k\u00fcl\u00e7eler veya akarsu yataklar\u0131nda par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olarak bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015flenecek ilk metallerden biridir. M\u00d6 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n alt\u0131n madencili\u011fine ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 talep buydu. M\u00d6 1323 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6len Tutankamon\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm maskesi 100 kg metal i\u00e7eriyordu. M\u00d6 3800\u2019den 2000\u2019e kadar geli\u015fen antik Ur\u2019un (modern Irak) kraliyet mezarlar\u0131 da alt\u0131n nesneler i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alt\u0131n sikkelerin bas\u0131m\u0131, M\u00d6 640 civar\u0131nda, yerli bir alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan elektrum kullan\u0131larak Lidya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda (\u015fimdiki modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r) ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk saf alt\u0131n sikkeler M\u00d6 561-547 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren\u00a0Kral Kroisos<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00f6neminde bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan bug\u00fcne d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en de\u011ferli maddelerden biri say\u0131lan alt\u0131n ilk ke\u015ffinden itibaren de\u011fer g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Alt\u0131na ait de\u011fer katan belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini s\u0131ralarsak;<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u00f6zellikler alt\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fer g\u00f6rmesinde, s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 stat\u00fc g\u00f6stergesi haline gelmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bunlara ek olarak alt\u0131na de\u011fer katan di\u011fer bir fakt\u00f6r ise alt\u0131n\u0131n zamanla bir de\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc birimi haline gelmesidir. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde k\u0131t kaynaklar i\u00e7erisinde yer alan alt\u0131n, fiziki \u00f6zellikleri, az bulunmas\u0131, kolay i\u015flenebilir olmas\u0131 ile birlikte tarihte de\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f edilebilen, insanlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilen ticari bir ara\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca bu i\u015flevini kaybetmeyen alt\u0131n devletler taraf\u0131ndan da ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn bir referans\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha farkl\u0131 metal ve ka\u011f\u0131t gibi materyallerle bas\u0131lan paralar alt\u0131na endekslenmi\u015f \u00fczerindeki miktarlar ne kadar alt\u0131n etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u015fekilde devletler alt\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla kontrol alt\u0131na alabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fccevherat<\/strong> Yat\u0131r\u0131m Arac\u0131<\/strong> End\u00fcstri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Alt\u0131n, iplik haline getirilip diki\u015f ve dokuma sanayisinde kullan\u0131labilir., \u00f6rne\u011fin K\u00e2be \u00f6rt\u00fclerindeki nak\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lar alt\u0131n kaplama iplik i\u00e7ermektedir. Az miktarda alt\u0131n tozu, cam \u00fcretiminde \u00e7ok g\u00fczel k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 bir renk elde etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u0131p\/Sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Alt\u0131n ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 di\u015f hekimli\u011fi alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kaplama, k\u00f6pr\u00fc gibi tedavi y\u00f6ntemlerinde kullan\u0131lan alt\u0131n, okside olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, kolay \u015fekil verilebilir ve yumu\u015fak olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 porselen ve plastik di\u015f protezlerine g\u00f6re daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Teknoloji<\/strong> Alt\u0131n, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde geni\u015f bir alanda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde bulunur. \u0130\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek yo\u011funlu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pullar veya b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcl\u00e7eler halinde dere yataklar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve buralardan geri kazan\u0131labilir. Alt\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra genellikle k\u00fcl\u00e7e olarak depolan\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, kuyumculukta saf haliyle veya ala\u015f\u0131m olarak yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karat<\/strong>: Bir ala\u015f\u0131mda bulunan alt\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. 24 ayar saf alt\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak \u00e7ok yumu\u015fakt\u0131r. 10, 14 ve 18 ayar alt\u0131n ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Milyem<\/strong>: Alt\u0131n\u0131n safl\u0131k derecesinin binde olarak ifade edilmesine \u201cmilyem<\/strong>\u201d denir. \u201c995 milyem\u201d demek, elinizde tuttu\u011funuz k\u00fctlenin binde 995\u2019i saf alt\u0131n, geri kalan binde 5\u2019i ise alt\u0131n harici ba\u015fka bir metal demektir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 de standart k\u00fcl\u00e7e alt\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak 995\/1000 safl\u0131k tercih edilirken (995 milyem), yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 999,9\/1000 safl\u0131k da (d\u00f6rt 9) s\u0131kl\u0131kla tercih edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan alt\u0131n ayar ve milyemleri;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ngilizce Ounce anlam\u0131na gelen ons asl\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k birimi Anglo sakson \u00fclkelere (\u0130ngiltere, Amerika) \u00f6zg\u00fc bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc birimidir. K\u0131sacas\u0131 ons i\u00e7in bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc birimi diyebiliriz. Ons ilk olarak Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Trayes \u015fehrinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k birimidir. Ons k\u0131salt\u0131larak \u201cOZ\u201d \u015feklinde g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 Oz = 16 dram = 1 Troy ons = 31.1034768 gram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya genelinde ons alt\u0131n 31.10 gr Has Alt\u0131n demektir. Ons alt\u0131n, gram alt\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra gram alt\u0131n fiyat\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00e7eyrek alt\u0131n ve yar\u0131m alt\u0131n hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 gram 24 ayar has alt\u0131nd\u0131r. Piyasada daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ayarlarda olan milyem miktarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re de gram alt\u0131n bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ons alt\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 ve merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirirken ve uluslararas\u0131 platformda i\u015flem g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, gram alt\u0131n sadece T\u00fcrkiye baz\u0131nda hareketlenmelerde de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermektedir. Gram alt\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn kuyumculara, sarraflara ve d\u00f6viz b\u00fcrolar\u0131na sat\u0131labilir ve nakit paraya \u00e7evrilebilir. T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, bankalar ve Dubai Alt\u0131n Borsas\u0131\u2019nda da de\u011ferlendirmeye a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Gram alt\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131rken de satarken de i\u015f\u00e7ilik \u00fccreti muaf tutulur; satarken zarar edilmez<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 ons fiyat\u0131 \/ 31,1034768 form\u00fcl\u00fc bize 1 gram\u0131n dolar cinsiden fiyat\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. Bu \u00e7\u0131kan sonucu da g\u00fcncel USD\/TL kuru ile \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda yakla\u015f\u0131k T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 cinsinden gram alt\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 elde ediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayr\u0131ca alt\u0131n i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zel bir cihazdan de\u011fil de klasik bir ATM\u2019den alt\u0131n verme i\u015fi d\u00fcnyada bir ilk olarak \u00fclkemizde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (bkz:\u00a0alt\u0131n veren ATM<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cumhuriyet Alt\u0131nlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Karar\u0131 ile standartlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f, para yerine ge\u00e7ebilen, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni temsil eden ve sadece Darphane taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilebilen alt\u0131nlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cumhuriyet alt\u0131nlar\u0131,\u00a0sikke<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0ziynet<\/strong>\u00a0olmak \u00fczere iki grupta, be\u015flik, ikibu\u00e7ukluk (Gremse), birlik (Tam alt\u0131n), yar\u0131ml\u0131k ve \u00e7eyreklik olmak \u00fczere be\u015fer \u00e7e\u015fitten toplam 10 farkl\u0131 \u00e7ap ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta \u00fcretilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cumhuriyet Alt\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc 22 ayard\u0131r. Birlik Sikke Alt\u0131n 7,216 gram, birlik Ziynet Alt\u0131n\u0131 7,016 gramd\u0131r. Sikke ve Ziynet alt\u0131nlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 buna g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ziynet Cumhuriyet Alt\u0131n\u0131 Teknik \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nAlt\u0131n Neden De\u011ferlidir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Tak\u0131, s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131, takma di\u015f vb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gramalt\u0131n, Kilobar, Largebar, Bas\u0131l\u0131 Alt\u0131n (Darphane \u00dcr\u00fcnleri, Ziynet) vb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alt\u0131n, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir\u00e7ok elektronik cihazda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oranlarda bulunur. Cep telefonlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok temas noktas\u0131nda alt\u0131n iletken olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Alt\u0131n elektromanyetik radyasyonu \u00e7ok iyi yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen dalga boyundaki \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fczmek i\u00e7in uydularda ve astronot elbiselerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Alt\u0131n end\u00fcstride \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. Savunma sanayiinde de kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferli bir madendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlt\u0131na ait kavramlar ve alt\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitleri nelerdir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
ONS Alt\u0131n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Gram Alt\u0131n<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyet Alt\u0131n\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n\n